Course content (34 lessons)

1. Introduction to WWW and Web Browsers — Introduction to WWW and Web Browsers What is the World Wide Web? The World Wide Web (WWW) is an information system where documents and resources are identified by URLs,…
2. HTTP Protocol and Web Architecture — HTTP Protocol and Web Architecture What is HTTP? HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is the foundation of data communication on the Web. It is a request-response protocol where a…
3. HTML Basics: Structure and Syntax — HTML Basics: Structure and Syntax What is HTML? HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard markup language used to create web pages. It describes the structure of web…
4. HTML Text Formatting and Links — HTML Text Formatting and Links Text Formatting Tags HTML provides a rich set of tags for formatting text: Semantic vs Presentational Tags Tag Type Meaning ----- ------ ---------…
5. HTML Images, Tables, and Lists — HTML Images, Tables, and Lists HTML Images Image Attributes Attribute Purpose ----------- --------- src Image URL/path alt Alternative text (accessibility) width/height Dimensions…
6. HTML Forms and Input Elements — HTML Forms and Input Elements HTML Forms Forms collect user input and send it to a server. Form Attributes Attribute Purpose ----------- --------- action URL to send data to…
7. HTML5 Semantic Elements — HTML5 Semantic Elements What are Semantic Elements? Semantic HTML elements clearly describe their meaning to both the browser and the developer. They improve accessibility, SEO,…
8. HTML5 Multimedia: Audio, Video, Canvas — HTML5 Multimedia: Audio, Video, Canvas HTML5 Audio Audio Attributes Attribute Purpose ----------- --------- controls Show playback controls autoplay Play automatically loop Repeat…
9. Introduction to CSS: Selectors and Properties — Introduction to CSS: Selectors and Properties What is CSS? CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) controls the visual presentation of HTML documents. It separates structure (HTML) from…
10. CSS Box Model and Layout — CSS Box Model and Layout The CSS Box Model Every HTML element is a rectangular box with four areas: box-sizing Property Display Property Value Behavior ------- ---------- block…
11. CSS Flexbox and Grid — CSS Flexbox and Grid CSS Flexbox Flexbox (Flexible Box Layout) is a one-dimensional layout system for arranging items in a row or column. justify-content Values Value Effect…
12. CSS Animations and Transitions — CSS Animations and Transitions CSS Transitions Transitions animate a property change from one value to another over a duration. Transition Properties Property Purpose ----------…
13. Responsive Web Design Concepts — Responsive Web Design Concepts What is Responsive Web Design? Responsive Web Design (RWD) is an approach where web pages render well on a variety of devices and screen sizes by…
14. Introduction to Bootstrap Framework — Introduction to Bootstrap Framework What is Bootstrap? Bootstrap is a free, open-source CSS framework developed by Twitter. It provides pre-built responsive components, a grid…
15. Bootstrap Grid System — Bootstrap Grid System How the Bootstrap Grid Works Bootstrap uses a 12-column grid system built on CSS Flexbox. Columns are placed inside rows, and rows inside containers.…
16. Bootstrap Components: Navbar, Cards, Modals — Bootstrap Components: Navbar, Cards, Modals Navbar Cards Modals Other Key Components Component Usage ----------- ------- Badges <span class="badge bg-primary" New</span Progress…
17. Introduction to JavaScript — Introduction to JavaScript What is JavaScript? JavaScript (JS) is a lightweight, interpreted, dynamic scripting language used to make web pages interactive. It runs in the browser…
18. JavaScript Variables, Data Types, and Operators — JavaScript Variables, Data Types, and Operators Variable Declarations Data Types Type Example ------ --------- Number 42 , 3.14 , NaN , Infinity String "hello" , 'world' , \…
19. JavaScript Control Flow: Conditions and Loops — JavaScript Control Flow: Conditions and Loops Conditional Statements if / else if / else Ternary Operator Switch Statement Loops for Loop while Loop do...while Loop for...of…
20. JavaScript Functions and Scope — JavaScript Functions and Scope Function Declarations Parameters and Arguments Scope Closures Immediately Invoked Function Expression (IIFE) Higher-Order Functions this Keyword…
21. JavaScript Arrays and Objects — JavaScript Arrays and Objects JavaScript Arrays Array Methods JavaScript Objects Object Methods Array vs Object Feature Array Object --------- ------- -------- Keys Numeric…
22. JavaScript DOM Manipulation — JavaScript DOM Manipulation What is the DOM? The Document Object Model (DOM) is a tree-like representation of an HTML document. JavaScript can access and manipulate this tree to…
23. JavaScript Events and Event Handling — JavaScript Events and Event Handling What are Events? Events are actions or occurrences that happen in the browser — user clicks, key presses, page load, form submissions, etc.…
24. JavaScript AJAX and Fetch API — JavaScript AJAX and Fetch API What is AJAX? AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) allows web pages to communicate with a server and update content without reloading the page .…
25. Introduction to jQuery — Introduction to jQuery What is jQuery? jQuery is a fast, small, and feature-rich JavaScript library. It simplifies HTML document traversal, event handling, animation, and AJAX…
26. jQuery DOM Manipulation and Events — jQuery DOM Manipulation and Events DOM Manipulation with jQuery jQuery Event Handling jQuery Animations jQuery AJAX Key Takeaway: jQuery's on() method with delegation handles both…
27. Introduction to XML — Introduction to XML What is XML? XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is a markup language designed to store, transport, and structure data. Unlike HTML (which displays data), XML is…
28. XML DTD and XML Schema — XML DTD and XML Schema Why Validate XML? XML validation ensures that an XML document follows a defined structure and rules. Two main methods: 1. DTD (Document Type Definition) –…
29. XML Parsing: DOM and SAX — XML Parsing: DOM and SAX What is XML Parsing? XML parsing is the process of reading an XML document and making its data available to a program. Two primary parsing models: 1. DOM…
30. XSLT and XPath — XSLT and XPath XPath XPath (XML Path Language) is a query language for selecting nodes from an XML document. XPath Syntax XPath Expressions Expression Selects ------------…
31. Introduction to Web Hosting — Introduction to Web Hosting What is Web Hosting? Web hosting is a service that allows individuals and organizations to publish a website or web page onto the Internet. A web host…
32. Domain Names and DNS — Domain Names and DNS What is a Domain Name? A domain name is the human-readable address for a website (e.g., www.google.com ). It maps to an IP address that computers use to…
33. FTP and Web Deployment — FTP and Web Deployment What is FTP? FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files between a client and a server. It operates on port 21…
34. Web Security Basics: HTTPS and SSL — Web Security Basics: HTTPS and SSL Why Web Security Matters Web security protects data in transit, prevents attacks, and builds user trust. A single vulnerability can expose user…

Introduction to WWW and Web Browsers

Introduction to WWW and Web Browsers

What is the World Wide Web?

The World Wide Web (WWW) is an information system where documents and resources are identified by URLs, interlinked by hyperlinks, and accessible via the Internet. It was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 at CERN.

The Web is built on three core technologies:

• HTML – HyperText Markup Language (structure)
• CSS – Cascading Style Sheets (presentation)
• JavaScript – scripting language (behavior)

Web vs. Internet

How a Web Browser Works

A web browser is software that retrieves, renders, and displays web pages. Popular browsers include Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge.

Browser Components

1. User Interface – address bar, back/forward buttons, bookmarks
2. Browser Engine – bridges UI and rendering engine
3. Rendering Engine – parses HTML/CSS and renders content
4. Networking – handles HTTP requests
5. JavaScript Engine – interprets and executes JS code
6. Data Storage – cookies, local storage, cache

Typical Request Flow

URLs Explained

A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the address of a web resource:

https://www.example.com:8080/path/page.html?id=1#section
│       │               │    │              │    │
scheme  hostname        port path           query fragment

Web Standards Organizations

• W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) – develops HTML, CSS, XML standards
• IETF – manages Internet protocols like HTTP
• ECMA International – standardizes JavaScript (ECMAScript)

Key Takeaway: The WWW is a service built on top of the Internet, using HTTP to transfer HTML documents. Browsers parse and render these documents for users.

Continue reading: Introduction to WWW and Web Browsers →

Frequently asked questions

Is the Web Technologies course really free?

Yes. The entire Web Technologies course on Siksha Sarovar is free to read with no account required. You can optionally sign in with Google to save your progress.

Do I get a certificate for Web Technologies?

Yes — finish the lessons and pass the quiz to earn a free, verifiable certificate you can share on LinkedIn or with recruiters.

Can I run code while learning?

Yes. The built-in online compiler runs C, C++, Python, Java, PHP, JavaScript, C# and SQL directly in your browser — no installation needed.