Geological Disasters

These are disasters caused by geological processes originating from within the earth.

1. Earthquakes

• Definition: Sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves.
• Causes: Tectonic plate movements, volcanic eruptions, man-made explosions.
• Consequences: Building collapse, loss of life, tsunamis, landslides.
• Control/Mitigation: Earthquake-resistant building codes, retrofitting, micro-zonation, public awareness drills.

2. Landslides

• Definition: The movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope.
• Causes: Heavy rainfall, earthquakes, deforestation, unplanned construction.
• Consequences: Road blockages, destruction of hillside homes, loss of life.
• Control/Mitigation: Afforestation (planting trees), proper drainage systems, retaining walls, restricting construction in high-risk zones.

3. Tsunami

• Definition: A series of huge ocean waves caused by underwater disturbances.
• Causes: Undersea earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides.
• Consequences: Massive coastal flooding, destruction of coastal infrastructure, salinization of soil.
• Control/Mitigation: Early Warning Systems (EWS), coastal shelter plantations (mangroves), sea walls, evacuation planning.

4. Mining Disasters

• Definition: Accidents occurring during mining operations.
• Causes: Roof collapse, gas explosions (methane), flooding, fire.
• Consequences: Trapped miners, loss of life, environmental degradation (subsidence).
• Control/Mitigation: Strict safety regulations, proper ventilation, regular inspections, emergency escape routes.