Science (Class 10) — Free Notes (CBSE & HBSE)
Free Class 10 Science notes (Physics, Chemistry, Biology) — NCERT solutions, sample papers 2026, previous year question papers, MCQs, important questions and chapter-wise revision notes for CBSE and HBSE board exams.
Free, chapter-wise Science notes for Class 10 on Siksha Sarovar, aligned to NCERT and both CBSE and Haryana Board (HBSE). Covers 15 chapters with explanations, worked examples and board-pattern practice questions.
Chapters covered (15)
- Chemical Reactions and Equations — Focuses on identifying chemical changes, balancing equations, and understanding various reaction types. CBSE emphasizes observation-based questions; HBSE focuses on direct…
- Acids, Bases and Salts — Covers identification, chemical properties, and pH importance. CBSE focuses on pH in daily life and salt preparation; HBSE focuses on indicators and reaction formulas.
- Metals and Non-Metals — Focuses on the reactivity series, properties of ionic compounds, and metallurgical processes. CBSE emphasizes reactivity and extraction; HBSE emphasizes physical properties and…
- Carbon and Its Compounds — An essential unit on Organic Chemistry focusing on Carbon's bonding, nomenclature, and industrial applications. CBSE focuses on nomenclature and chemical properties; HBSE on…
- Periodic Classification of Elements — Examines the historical evolution of the periodic table and the recurring physical/chemical trends among elements. CBSE focuses on periodic trends; HBSE focuses on early attempts…
- Life Processes — Focuses on the essential functions required for survival: Nutrition, Respiration, Transportation, and Excretion. CBSE emphasizes detailed biological mechanisms and diagrams; HBSE…
- Control and Coordination — Focuses on how organisms respond to stimuli through nervous and chemical systems. CBSE emphasizes human brain and reflex action; HBSE focuses on hormones and plant movements.
- How Do Organisms Reproduce — Covers asexual and sexual reproduction mechanisms in various organisms. CBSE emphasizes the human reproductive system and menstruation; HBSE focuses on asexual methods and plant…
- Heredity and Evolution — Focuses on how traits are passed from parents to offspring and the mechanisms of evolutionary change. CBSE emphasizes Mendel's laws and sex determination; HBSE focuses on acquired…
- Light – Reflection and Refraction — Covers the fundamental principles of light, including reflection by mirrors and refraction by lenses. CBSE focuses on ray diagrams and numerical problems; HBSE focuses on…
- The Human Eye and the Colourful World — Covers the anatomy of the eye, defects of vision, and atmospheric optical phenomena. CBSE emphasizes the correction of defects and scattering of light; HBSE focuses on eye…
- Electricity — Covers the quantitative aspects of electric circuits, Ohm's law, and energy consumption. CBSE emphasizes numerical problems on series/parallel circuits and power; HBSE focuses on…
- Magnetic Effects of Electric Current — Covers the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and its applications in motors and generators. CBSE emphasizes rules like Fleming's Left Hand Rule and domestic safety;…
- Our Environment — Covers the interactions between living organisms and their physical surroundings. CBSE emphasizes ecological balance and waste management; HBSE focuses on food chains and ozone…
- Sustainable Management of Natural Resources — Focuses on the conservation and judicious use of earth's resources. CBSE emphasizes the 5 R's and community participation; HBSE focuses on water harvesting and coal/petroleum.
Chemical Reactions and Equations: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
A chemical equation represents a chemical reaction using symbols and formulas of the substances involved.
Why Balance Equations?
According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, matter can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. Therefore, the total mass of elements present in the products must be equal to the total mass of elements in the reactants.
Balancing Status Table
| Element | Reactants (LHS) | Products (RHS) | Balanced? |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iron (Fe) | 1 | 3 | No |
| Hydrogen (H) | 2 | 2 | Yes |
| Oxygen (O) | 1 | 4 | No |
Steps to Balance (Hit and Trial Method):
- Write the word equation and then symbols.
- Count the number of atoms of each element on both sides.
- Balance elements one by one, starting with the one that has the maximum number of atoms.
- Ensure all elements are balanced and write the physical states (s, l, g, aq).
Diagram Indicator: [Illustration of a balance scale with reactants on one side and products on the other, showing equal number of atoms after balancing.]
Frequently asked questions
Are these Science notes free?
Yes — all Science notes on Siksha Sarovar are free to read, no account required.
Do the notes follow CBSE and HBSE?
Yes. Notes are NCERT-aligned and include both CBSE and Haryana Board (HBSE) exam guidance, important questions and MCQs.
Can I prepare for board exams here?
Yes — each chapter includes key concepts, formulas, important questions and practice MCQs for board exam revision.