2. Conditional Statements (Control Structures) in PHP

Conditional statements represent the decision-making process in programming.

2.1 if Statement Executes code if the condition is true.

        $age = 20;
        if ($age >= 18) {
          echo "Eligible to vote";
        }

2.2 if–else Statement Executes one block if condition is true, otherwise another block.

        $marks = 45;
        if ($marks >= 40) {
          echo "Pass";
        } else {
          echo "Fail";
        }

2.3 if–elseif–else Statement Used to test multiple conditions.

        $marks = 75;
        if ($marks >= 80) {
          echo "Grade A";
        } elseif ($marks >= 60) {
          echo "Grade B";
        } else {
          echo "Grade C";
        }

2.4 Nested if Statement An if statement inside another if statement.

        $age = 22;
        $citizen = true;

        if ($age >= 18) {
          if ($citizen) {
            echo "Eligible to vote";
          }
        }

2.5 switch–case Statement Used when there are multiple fixed values.

        $day = 3;
        switch ($day) {
          case 1:
            echo "Monday";
            break;
          case 2:
            echo "Tuesday";
            break;
          case 3:
            echo "Wednesday";
            break;
          default:
            echo "Invalid day";
        }

Important Points: • break stops execution • default executes if no case matches