Siksha Sarovar

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Siksha Sarovar is a free e-learning platform for coding courses, BCA university notes and competitive exam preparation. Optional Google sign-in saves your learning progress across devices.

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2.7 Interfacing Protocols: I2C, SPI, and UART Deep-Dive

Lesson 13 of 31 in the free Internet of Things (IoT) notes on Siksha Sarovar, written by Rohit Jangra.

2.7.1 The Importance of Peripherals Interfacing

Interfacing protocols are the "Standardized Languages" that microcontrollers use to talk to external sensors and actuators.

2.7.2 Technical Comparison Table

ProtocolPins RequiredTypeSpeed (Standard)DistanceMax Devices
UART2 (RX, TX)Async115.2 kbps15m2 (Point-to-point)
I2C2 (SDA, SCL)Sync400 kbps< 1m127 (Address based)
SPI4 (MOSI, MISO, CLK, CS)Sync10 Mbps+< 1mLimitless (Needs CS pins)

2.7.3 Protocol Logic Deep-Dive

  1. UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter): No shared clock signal. Used for GPS modules and serial debugging.
  2. I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit): Uses a 7-bit software address to identify slaves. Just two wires needed for hundreds of sensors. Ideal for DHT11, OLED displays.
  3. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface): Uses a master-slave architecture with a separate "Chip Select" (CS) pin for every slave. It is full-duplex and ultra-fast. Ideal for high-speed SD card storage.