Siksha Sarovar

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2.5 Embedded Computing Basics for IoT Systems

Lesson 11 of 31 in the free Internet of Things (IoT) notes on Siksha Sarovar, written by Rohit Jangra.

2.5.1 Introduction to Embedded Systems in IoT

An embedded system is a computer system designed for a dedicated, specific function within a larger mechanical or electrical system. In IoT, these are the "Intelligent End Nodes".

2.5.2 Key Embedded Design Constraints

  • RAM/ROM Constraints: Managing complex network stacks within 2KB to 256KB of RAM.
  • Real-time Response: System must respond to sensor interrupts within microseconds (Deterministic timing).
  • Power Constraints: Must run on micro-amps in sleep mode to last years.

2.5.3 Microprocessor (MPU) vs Microcontroller (MCU) (Detailed Comparison)

FeatureMicroprocessor (MPU)Microcontroller (MCU)
IntegrationJust the CPU dieAll-in-one (CPU + RAM + Flash + I/O)
Power ConsumptionHigh (Watts)Ultra-Low (Milliwatts)
Operating SystemFull OS (Linux, Windows)RTOS or Bare-metal (C/C++)
IoT RoleHigh-performance GatewayEnd-sensor Node / Actuator controller
ExamplesIntel i7, Broadcom BCM2711ATmega328P, STM32, ESP32

2.5.4 Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) for IoT

Since IoT nodes must handle networking stacks (Wi-Fi/MQTT) and sensor reading simultaneously, they use an RTOS:

  • Determinism: Guaranteed response time for critical tasks.
  • Popular IoT RTOS: FreeRTOS (Smallest footprint), Contiki-NG (Mesh focus), RIOT OS (POSIX compliant), Zephyr (Modern security).