Siksha Sarovar

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1.4 Modern Display Technology - LED, OLED, Curved

Lesson 5 of 32 in the free Computer Graphics notes on Siksha Sarovar, written by Rohit Jangra.

From CRT to Self-Emissive Pixels

Display technology has evolved through CRT -> LCD -> LED-backlit LCD -> OLED -> microLED, with curved variants of each. Each generation trades cost, power, contrast, and response time.

LED (LED-Backlit LCD)

  • LCD panel + LED backlight (edge-lit or full array).
  • Each pixel filters white light through R/G/B subpixel filters.
  • Pros: Bright (300-2000 nits), long lifespan, cheap, no burn-in.
  • Cons: Imperfect blacks (light leaks through closed liquid crystals), slower pixel response than OLED.
  • Mini-LED / FALD (Full Array Local Dimming) divides the backlight into thousands of zones for higher contrast and HDR.

OLED (Organic LED)

  • Each pixel is a self-emissive organic diode. No backlight.
  • Pros: True blacks (pixel off = no light), infinite contrast, sub-millisecond response, ultra-thin, flexible substrates allow curved/foldable panels.
  • Cons: Risk of burn-in (uneven aging of subpixels showing static UI), generally lower peak full-screen brightness than top mini-LED, costlier.
  • Subtypes: WOLED (white OLED + color filters, LG), QD-OLED (blue OLED + quantum-dot color conversion, Samsung).

Curved LED / OLED

  • The panel is bent on the horizontal axis, typically with a radius like 1800R, 1500R, 1000R (smaller R = more curved).
  • Rationale: Equalize the distance from the eye to all parts of the screen on ultrawide and large monitors, reducing perspective distortion at the edges and increasing perceived immersion.
  • Best suited for single-user viewing at the design distance; off-axis viewing introduces image distortion.

Comparison Table

FeatureLED-LCDOLEDmicroLED
Black levelGrey-ishPerfect blackPerfect black
Response1-5 ms<0.1 ms<0.01 ms
Burn-in riskNoneYesNone
BrightnessVery highHighVery high
CostLowMedium-HighVery high
Form factorRigidFlexibleModular tiles

Why It Matters for Graphics

  • HDR (HDR10, Dolby Vision) requires high contrast and 10+ bpp; OLED and mini-LED enable this.
  • Variable Refresh Rate (VRR) (G-Sync, FreeSync) reduces tearing by syncing frame delivery with display refresh.
  • Sub-millisecond response on OLED removes motion smearing critical for esports.
  • The framebuffer format (8-bit sRGB vs 10-bit Rec.2020 PQ) must match what the panel can show, otherwise banding or clipping occurs.