Definitions of AI

There is no single agreed-upon definition, but they generally fall into four categories:

1. Thinking Humanly: "The exciting new effort to make computers think... machines with minds." (Haugeland, 1985)
2. Thinking Rationally: "The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models." (Charniak, 1985)
3. Acting Humanly: "The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people." (Kurzweil, 1990). This is linked to the Turing Test.
4. Acting Rationally: "Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of intelligent agents." (Poole et al., 1998). This is the modern standard.

Scope of AI

AI is a multidisciplinary field:

• Machine Learning (ML): Teaching computers to learn from data.
• Natural Language Processing (NLP): Interaction between computers and human language.
• Computer Vision: Deriving meaningful information from images/videos.
• Robotics: Designing physical robots to perform tasks.
• Expert Systems: Simulating the decision-making ability of a human expert.
• Speech Recognition: Converting spoken language into text.